Audio
AES/EBU
A digital audio standard established by the Audio Engineering Society and the European Broadcasting Union. The signal is serial digital, comprising two channels. The basic sampling resolution is 20 bit, sampled at frequencies between 32 kHz and 48 kHz (44.1 kHz is the most common). Two sets of 4 bits of information are included for other data transmission (one set can be added to the 20 bit of audio, for a 24 bit system). Additional bits are transmitted as well, and the transmitted frames of the interwoven audio channels are grouped to frame blocks.Back to top
amplify
Increase the audio volume.Back to top
attenuate
To reduce audio strength or volume.Back to top
Audio
Pertaining to frequencies of a normally audible sound wave (15 to 20000Hz). Audio has been, until recently, a very neglected side of video recording and processing. Very often, during videotape duplication and enhancement, the quality of the soundtrack is detrimentally affected. Several special soundtrack enhancement devices and integrated audio and video enhancers* have lately appeared on the market (see Audio Equalization and Audio Exciter). New VCRs and TV systems employ Hi-Fi quality sound tracks, and are sometimes equipped with decoders for DOLBY SURROUND*, AC-3* or other three-dimensional sound encoding devices.Back to top
Audio Bandwidth
The range of audio frequencies over which an amplifier or receiver will respond and provide useful output. The higher the audio bandwidth the better the sound quality. The highest practical frequency for the human ear is 20 kHz. An audio amplifier delivering a flat response of up to 20 kHz will faithfully reproduce the audio soundtrack of a video recording.Back to top
Audio Dub
A feature used in video editing* to add, replace, or mix audio signals with the original sound track without effecting the picture (video portion). Special controls and connectors are available for this purpose on some quality video recorders. When dubbing is not available on, or is limited by, the video recorder, audio dubbing can be performed externally using audio/video processors.Back to top
Audio Editing
Combining audio material of different origin into one continuous piece. For example, when a sound track is added to videotape, various background sounds, such as music, may be supplemented in order to highlight particular scenes in a movie. Audio correction can also be done during video editing. Audio equalization*, audio noise reduction*, Dolby* encoding, etc. are functions available on many quality editors.Back to top
Audio Equalization
An audio process, hardware or software based, which breaks down the audio spectrum into several frequency bands to compensate for changes in audio frequency-dependent levels, allowing the user to control (boost or cut) each frequency segment individually. The main use of audio equalizers is to compensate for inadequate acoustics in the room where the sound is being played. Another very important use for audio equalization is to revitalize the playback* characteristics of low quality tapes and poor recordings in order to recreate the original sound.Back to top
Audio Exciter
An audio circuit available in high quality audio equipment, designed to recreate the harmonic content of an audio signal which was lost during video or audio tape duplication. Using the audio exciter to recreate the lost harmonic content, generates a sparkling audio sound. This effect is different from normal high frequency boosting which generates noise* and hiss* while improving the frequency response of the audio signal. Audio exciting is available only on special sound correction devices.Back to top
Audio Mixer Window
A window used to dynamically monitor and control the volume level and pan/balance of multiple audio tracks on the Timeline to combine them into a final program.Back to top
Audio Mixing
The mixing or blending of two or more audio signals to generate a new signal, which is often used for audio dubbing*. Audio mixing requires that all audio channels involved are amplified and equalized to the same level. To mix a line level input with a microphone signal, the microphone signal must be pre-amplified to bring it up to a level identical to that of the line signal. In video processing, audio mixing is used for the insertion of background music behind the dialogue. It is also employed in the creation of cross fading* between two audio sources. It produces a drift in the level of the received signals until one fades out and the second becomes dominant.Back to top
Audio Noise
A hiss* (random high frequency noise) or a hum (low frequency noise from the power-line frequency and its harmonics or ground loops) heard on audio or video equipment. It is the result of poor signal handling or of discrepancies between audio pickup devices and media. Audio noise reduction* circuitry eliminates or reduces audio noise.Back to top
Audio Waveform
A graphical representation of an audio clip, helping to visualize the sound in the clip by showing the signal levels. Editors can show a waveform in audio tracks in the Timeline and in a separate Clip window when you open an audio clip.Back to top
Audio-follow-video Switcher
During video production, the video signal is normally accompanied by an audio signal. Sometimes, during the switching or processing of signals, the audio signal is separated from the video signal. In such a case, a complex situation arises whereby each signal must be processed, mixed and enhanced separately. Audio-follow-video is a process which overcomes this difficulty and both signals, audio and video, are switched from an audio-video source to an audio-video acceptor simultaneously (not in separate passes).Back to top
Audio-Video
A term often used when discussing a channel on a TV receiver or on video equipment, which has been especially designed to accept VCR audio-video signals. This channel automatically activates special circuitry within the TV set or monitor to prevent picture distortion* and skewing*. It is also used for audio-video processors, which handle both types of signals.Back to top
Bandpass effects
Audio effects designed to remove specific frequencies from an audio clip (manifested as hisses, whines, and hums).Back to top
Cardioid
A type of microphone with a sound pick-up characteristic and which resembles a heart-shaped sphere. The cardioid microphone is used in applications where a specific pick-up characteristic is needed.Back to top
Composite Audio
A standard analog audio which utilizes RCA jacks for interconnection of components.Back to top
DAB
Digital Audio Broadcasting. A system under development in Europe and the US, which will allow broadcasting of CD quality audio.Back to top
DAT
Digital Audio Tape. An audio cassette tape format that typically records 2 channels of 16-bit 48kHz or 44.1kHz digital audio on a 3.8mm wide magnetic tape.Back to top
dB
Decibel. A logarithmic ratio measuring signal amplitude and power, allowing easy evaluation of very large or very small ratios.Back to top
Decibel (dB)
A unit of measurement expressing ratios using logarithmic scales. Usually used as a measurement of audio volume level.Back to top
delay
An audio effect that provides an echo of a sound after a specified time period.Back to top
Dolby (noise Reduction)
A technique developed by Dolby(tm) Laboratories which improves the signal-to-noise ratio* of a recording by raising the level of specific frequencies in quiet passages before recording, and lowering them to their original levels during playback* (a compression- expansion process). This automatically reduces any noise* that was introduced as a result of the recording or playback process. There are several schemes related to DOLBY noise reduction, using different frequency bands of operation.Back to top
Dolby (surround)
An audio system developed by Dolby(tm) Laboratories for encoding audio surround channels within a videocassette or for movie theatre use. The analog system adds three embedded additional channels - center and delayed back right and left. The modern AC-3 system has all the surround channels separate, digitally encoded. In both cases a special decoder is needed to retrieve the additional audio channels.Back to top
Dolby AC-3
A digital audio compression technique designed for delivery of discreete multichannel digital surround sound. AC-3 supports from 1 to 6 audio channels (5.1 surround) at various bitrates. Designed as a distribution format, it is not directly editable. Chosen as the audio standard for DTV broadcasting.Back to top
Dolby Digital
This is a digital surround sound technology used in movie theaters and upscale home theater systems that enhances audio. Home theater components with this technology work in conjunction with a "8.1-speaker" system (Eight speakers plus a low-frequency subwoofer) to produce true-to-life audio that draws the listener into the onscreen action.Back to top
Dolby E
A digital audio compression technique designed for the production of discreete multichannel digital surround sound and metadata. Dolby E supports up to 8 channels in any combination including 8 Mono, 4 Stereo, and 5.1 plus stereo. Designed as a production format, it is editable on frame boundaries and maintains quality through multiple decode/encode cycles.Back to top
Dolby Pro-Logic
More advanced form of Dolby Surround that not only recovers the surround information from the encoded program material, but also adds a center channel to keep dialogue and center effects firmly positioned. Provides a wider listening/viewing area and provides better channel separation.Back to top
Dolby Surround
First generation home theater format that recovers surround information from encoded program material and feeds it to a pair of surround speakers placed up on the side walls adjacent to the listening area. Outputs three channels: left, right, and surround (usually split into 2 rear speakers).Back to top
DTS
Digital Theater Systems sound. Discrete 8.1 channel surround system similar but not the same as Dolby Digital. Dolby Digital is the DTV standard, but DTS competes with it on DVD and in the movie theaters.Back to top
dynamic range
The difference between the softest and loudest sounds. Decrease to compress the range and reduce noise, or expand to emphasize volume differences.Back to top
Equalize
To adjust the tonal quality of an audio clip. As with graphic equalizers found in home or auto audio equipment, an equalize effect can to boost or cut the original signal at different frequency bands.Back to top
Gain
Overall audio output volume. Increase gain to amplify a clip, or decrease gain to attenuate a clip, making it quieter.Back to top
Gang
To adjust multiple tracks at the same time, as in the Audio Mixer window.Back to top
HZ
Hertz. A measurement used for audio sampling rate, as in the number of audio samples per second. See also sample rate.Back to top
LCRS
Denotes an audio system that has 4 full range channels (Left, Center, Right, Surround). This signal is often encoded in Dolby Pro-Logic for distributionBack to top
Line Level
An analog audio connection intended for connecting interconnecting audio equipment, and without the amplification required to connect to speakers. See also Mic.Back to top
MADI
Multichannel Audio Digital Interface, also known as AES-10 standard. Allows interconnection of two devices to transmit up to 56 channels of digital audio (max. word length 24 bits) with a single coaxial cable or via optical link. Standard interface to digital multitrack machines and mixing consoles.Back to top
Measurement Of Audio Level
In the recording process, audio* level is a critical factor. If is too high, audio distortion* occurs. If it is too low, the signal-to-noise ratio* deteriorates. Thus precise measurement of audio level is essential during recording. A mechanical VU-meter or an electronic LED bar graph meter measures audio level. One of the most effective and fastest methods employs LEDs which change color according to signal level. When the audio level is too high or too low the lamp changes from green to red signaling that a problem has arisen.Back to top
Mic.
Microphone audio input. See also Line Level.Back to top
Microphone Amplification
A microphone is a device which converts sound waves to electrical impulses. High quality microphones usually generate a very low signal level. Low noise*, high fidelity pre-amplification is required to boost the output of a microphone before the signal reaches the main audio amplifier where it is processed as a regular audio signal. Pre-amplifying low level microphone signals is achieved by precise matching of microphone impedance* and use of low noise electronic amplifying devices. Some microphones (mainly condenser type) need DC power in order to operate (phantom voltage) even before connecting to the amplification circuitry.Back to top
Microphone Impedance
In order to obtain the highest quality output signal from a microphone, its internal impedance should be matched to that of a pre-amplifier with exactly the same input impedance. Microphone impedance may vary from a few ohms to several megaohms.Back to top
Mono
Monophonic audio - a single channel of audio. See also stereo.Back to top
Narration
A voice that explains what is happening on a video. Voiceover narration can add tremendous value to a video by explaining the situation being shown to viewers.Back to top
Pan
To move the apparent location of a mono audio track to position it between the left and right stereo channels. With stereo clips, you adjust the balance between the two channels. See also balance.Back to top
Playlist
Typically, a list of songs to be played in a specified order. Used to organize collections to download to a portable audio player or burn to a CD.Back to top
Reverb
An audio effect that simulates the ambience of a room of a specific size and with different sound-absorbent properties.Back to top
Sample Rate
The rate at which samples of a continuous signal, such as music or a sound, are captured into a digital representation of the original signal. A higher audio sampling rate, with more samples per second, creates a more accurate representation of the original sound. See also frame rate, Hz.Back to top
Stereo
Two-channel audio, with left and right channels. See also mono, surround sound.Back to top
Stereo Mixing
Simultaneous mixing and processing of both left and right audio signals.Back to top
Stereo Simulation
An electronic process by which a mono audio signal is broken down into two signals, creating a three-dimensional stereophonic effect from a monophonic signal. In many instances, especially in old recordings, it is impossible to re-record the original signal in stereo. In such cases, high quality stereo stimulating circuitry can generate a three-dimensional effect covering the whole audio spectrum in both channels. True stereo simulation is achieved by manipulating the monophonic audio signal on the basis of frequencies and phases, taking into consideration the physical aspects of hearing (distance between the human ears, human frequency hearing response and the psychological perception of sound).Back to top
Sweeten
To use audio effects to enhance and manipulate the audio sound.Back to top
TOSlink
Commonly used to refer to optical digital audio cables, TOSlink stands for "Toshiba Link", and is Toshiba's brand name for optical digital audio cables.Back to top
YU Meter
An audio mixer's display of audio levels for each track.Back to top
Audio / Video
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AGC
Automatic Gain Control. Electronic circuitry that assures a fixed predefined output level, automatically compensating for varying input levels. Used in audio, video and RF equipment to ensure that output signals are maintained at constant levels in the face of wide variations in the signal-input levels. Low level signals are boosted and high level signals are attenuated to an average level. Automatic gain control has a tendency to introduce audio noise* and hiss* into the audio channel of a videotape. In sophisticated equipment, automatic gain control is often superfluous, and gives the user the option of manual control.Back to top
Audio-Video Combiner
A device which combines audio and video signals. In the analog world it describes a machine, which modulates the audio signal on a high frequency carrier and mixes it with the video signal for transmission on a single cable. In the digital world it describes a device which embeds digital audio signals within a digital video signal.Back to top
Automatic Noise Gate
A unique feature, available only on Kramer equipment, which provides optimal automatic suppression of snow* (signal noise level) during any stage of video enhancement* (See Noise Gate.)Back to top
AV
Audio/VideoBack to top
AVI
Audio Video Interleaved. A computer graphics animation format used in Microsoft(tm) Video for Windows. This format interleaves digitized video frames (or computer-generated frames) and synchronized audio in one file. The clips generated in the AVI format may be played back in a Windows(r) equipped PC, usually independent of screen resolution and color paletteBack to top
Matrix Switching
An audio-video matrix switcher is a device which resembles a telephone switchboard. It is an array of electronic switches, which routes a number of audio-video signals to one or more outputs. An audio-video matrix switcher usually has several video and stereo/audio inputs, which can be directed by the user in any combination to various audio-video output devices connected to the switchers. Monitors, VCRs and other output devices can be arranged. The user can direct camera number 1 to VCR number 2 while simultaneously connecting camera number 8 to monitor number 1. The possibilities are almost endless.Back to top
Switcher
General term for a device used to route different signals (audio, video or RF) from various sources to various acceptors. For example, a classic video switcher switches between the pictures from a number of video cameras* to one monitor.Back to top
Networking
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AES
An acronym for Advanced Encryption Standard. A symmetric encryption algorithm used to protect data. This is aimed at replacing DES. It is one of the encryption options for a wireless network when WPA or WPA2 is used.Back to top
BCD
Binary Coded Decimal. A coding system in which each decimal digit from 0 to 9 is represented by four binary digits (0 or 1).Back to top
Bit
Short for Binary Digit. The smallest piece of binary digital data and is represented by either a 1 or a 0. Often the number of bits is used to describe the attributes of a pixel are used in digital video as a representation of signal quality (i.e. an 8 bit signal can have 256 levels from black to white while a 10 bit signal can have 1024 levels). See Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte, PetabyteBack to top
Byte
A byte consists of 8 bits or 10 bits. Also see Bit, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte, Petabyte.Back to top
CAT 5
Category 5 cable, commonly known as Cat 5, is an unshielded twisted pair type cable designed for high signal integrity. The actual standard defines specific electrical properties of the wire, but it is most commonly known as being rated for its Ethernet capability of 100 Mbit/s at 100 Mhz. Its specific standard designation is EIA/TIA-568. Cat 5 cable typically has three twists per inch of each twisted pair of 24 gauge copper wires within the cable.Back to top
CAT 5e
CAT 5enhanced, Similar to Cat 5 cable, but is enhanced to support speeds of up to 1000 Mbits/s.Back to top
CAT 6
4 twisted copper wire pair Cabling standard for Ethernet, provide performance up to 250Mhz, Frequently used on 1Gbits/s ethernet networksBack to top
CAT 6a
CAT 6 augmented, 4 twisted copper wire pair Cabling standard for Ethernet, provide performance up to 250Mhz and 500 Mhz, Frequently used on up to 10Gbits/s ethernet networksBack to top
CAT 7
Future 4 twisted copper wire pair Cabling standard for Ethernet, design to provide performance up to 600 Mhz, to be used on 10Gbits/s ethernet networksBack to top
DHCP
An acronym for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. This is a communications protocol that allows network administrators manage and automate the assignment of IP addresses through a network. Every time a device connects to the network with DHCP it can be assigned a different address.Back to top
DNS
An acronym for Domain Name System. This is a system that translates the Internet domain names into their respective IP addresses. This information is usually stored in a database and a service will then lookup the IP address for a specific domain name. When an address is type in a Web browser, a DNS lookup is performed to find the actual IP address.Back to top
Fiber Optics
A medium for transmitting analog and digital signals which is made of translucent fibers with appropriate interfaces, using light to represent the signals. The original signals are recovered back to electronic signals at the remote edge of the fiber. The optical fiber system provides high electrical isolation between transmitter and receiver, as well as immunity to electromagnetic and static interference. The signal loss in a Fiber Optics system is usually smaller than in coax cables, and therefore optic fibers are used to carry signals over very long distances (tens and hundreds of kilometers.)Back to top
FireWire
Apple Inc.'s brand name for IEEE 1394, is a serial bus interface standard for high-speed communications at the speed uo to 3.2 Gbits/sBack to top
Gateway
A network point that acts as the entrance to another network. The router acts as the gateway to your local network, when you access the Internet through the router.Back to top
Gigabyte
One Billion Bytes. (~1,000,000,000) bytes. Also see Bit, Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Terabyte, PetabyteBack to top
i.LINK
SONY brand name for IEEE 1394, is a serial bus interface standard for high-speed communications at the speed uo to 3.2 Gbits/sBack to top
IP Address
Short name for Internet Protocol Address. This is a series of four numbers separated by dots, for example 192.168.1.1. Every computer connected to a network has its own unique IP address.Back to top
Kilobyte
One thousand (~1,000) bytes. Also see Bit, Byte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte, PetabyteBack to top
LAN
An acronym for Local Area Network. This is a network that covers a small, local area such as a home or office. A LAN network can be configured to transfer data at a high rate of speed.Back to top
Mbps, Mb/s
Megabits per second. A measure of data transfer speed. 1 Mbps represents 1,000,000 bits being transmitted in one second.Back to top
Megabyte
One million bytes. (~1,000,000) bytes. Also see Bit, Byte, Kilobyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte, PetabyteBack to top
Memory Stick
A removable digital media card that is used in many applications. Often used to transfer camera setups and scene files between Sony HDW-F900 Camcorders or HDC-F950 Cameras.Back to top
MHz
Megahertz or 1,000,000 Hertz. A measurement of frequency.Back to top
Patch Panel
A connector panel facilitating cross connection of video and audio signals.Back to top
Petabyte
One quadrillion bytes. (~1,000,000,000,000,000) bytes. Also see Bit, Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, TerabyteBack to top
RAM
Random Access Memory, a temporary memory into which data is stored.Back to top
ROM
Read Only Memory, a permanent memory from which data can be read. This information can’t be deleted nor altered.Back to top
RS-232
Communication methods between computers and video equipment that are hardware based and software controlled. In the computers, RS-232 is carried through the serial port* to another serial port, where the data streams serially between the computer and its peripherals - mouse, plotter, printer, etc. In the computer field there is usually a handshake protocol* between the ports that operate bi-directionally. Video equipment can be controlled by either RS-232 or by RS-422 system, and as the RS-422 method connects several devices on the same line in parallel in a simple way, it is more popular in the video market. Computer controlled VCRs, editing controllers, switchers and other studio equipment is found in most video studios. In order to successfully link two pieces of hardware, they must use the same communication protocol*.Back to top
RS-422
Communication methods between computers and video equipment that are hardware based and software controlled. In the computers, RS-232 is carried through the serial port* to another serial port, where the data streams serially between the computer and its peripherals - mouse, plotter, printer, etc. In the computer field there is usually a handshake protocol* between the ports that operate bi-directionally. Video equipment can be controlled by either RS-232 or by RS-422 system, and as the RS-422 method connects several devices on the same line in parallel in a simple way, it is more popular in the video market. Computer controlled VCRs, editing controllers, switchers and other studio equipment is found in most video studios. In order to successfully link two pieces of hardware, they must use the same communication protocol*.Back to top
SSID
An acronym for Service Set Identifier. A unique keyword of up to 32 characters (letters or numbers) that a wireless network card can connect to. For home users, this identifier can be set within a wireless router. This SSID of a wireless network can be broadcast to all computers within range of the signal to allow the computers to connect to the network.Back to top
Terabyte
One trillion bytes. (~1,000,000,000,000) bytes. Also see Bit, Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, PetabyteBack to top
TKIP
An acronym for Temporal Key Integrity Protocol. A security protocol designed to replace WEP on wireless networks without replacing legacy hardware. If can select TKIP when you specify WPA within your wireless router.Back to top
TP
Twisted Pair. A system for transferring high frequency signals on a twisted pair of wires instead of a coax cable. The TP system is used in video and in the computer world as one of the network interconnecting standards. The twisted pair system is essentially a balanced* system, where antiphase signals are transmitted on the two wires. Some sophisticated TP systems allow the transfer of several signals simultaneously on the wires, such as video and two audio channels.Back to top
Twisted Pair
Twisted Pair. A system for transferring high frequency signals on a twisted pair of wires instead of a coax cable. The TP system is used in video and in the computer world as one of the network interconnecting standards. The twisted pair system is essentially a balanced* system, where antiphase signals are transmitted on the two wires. Some sophisticated TP systems allow the transfer of several signals simultaneously on the wires, such as video and two audio channels.Back to top
USB 1.1
Universal Serial Bus. A serial bus standard to connect devises. USB 1.1 transfer data at the speed of 12 Mbits/second.Back to top
USB 2.0
Hi-Speed Universal Serial Bus. A serial bus standard to connect devises. USB 2.0 transfer data at the speed of 480 Mbits/second.Back to top
USB 3.0
Future Version of Universal Serial Bus. A serial bus standard to connect devises. USB 3.0 will transfer data at the speed of 4.8 Gbits/second.Back to top
WAN
An acronym for Wide Area Network. Unlike a LAN, a WAN covers a much larger geographical area, and is usually comprised of one or more LANs.Back to top
WEP
An acronym for Wired Equivalency Protocol. A security protocol that provides a minimal level of security for a wireless network. It has flaws that skilled hackers can exploit. Use WPA if both your router and computers of capable of using it.Back to top
WPA
An acronym for Wi-Fi Protected Access. This is a replacement data encryption method that replaces the much weak WEP protocol. It is an improvement over WEP because it uses dynamic keys when encrypting the data. This is done by utilizing TKIP to encrypt the data.Back to top
Video
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0.167372685185185
This terminology has come into common usage to describe both high definition and standard definition systems where the ratio between luminance and chrominance samples is 4 to 1 (1 set of color difference samples (R-Y,B-Y) for every 4 luminance samples (Y)). In its original application in standard definition video signals, it represents a system where the luminance (Y) is sampled at 13.5 MHz and the R-Y,B-Y channels are each sampled at 3.75 MHz.Back to top
0.168078703703704
Defines standard definition video signals, where the luminance (Y) is sampled at 13.5 MHz and the color difference samples (R-Y,B-Y) channels are each sampled at 6.75 MHz. This terminology has come into common usage to describe both high definition and standard definition systems where the ratio between luminance and chrominance samples is 2 to 1 (i.e. 2 sets of color difference samples (R-Y,B-Y) for every 4 luminance samples (Y)). Also see 22:11:11Back to top
0.169490740740741
Defines standard definition video signals, where all signals (usually R,G,B but also Y, R-Y,B-Y) are sampled at 13.5 MHz. This terminology has come into common usage to describe both high definition and standard definition systems where sampling is done on the RGB components of a video signal. Also see 22:22:22Back to top
0.338981481481481
Defines standard definition video signals, where all signals (usually R,G,B but also Y, R-Y,B-Y) are sampled at 27 MHz. Also the name of a color enhancement system made by DaVinci Systems that processes standard definition video.Back to top
0.92443287037037
Defines high definition video signals, where the luminance (Y) is sampled at 74.25 MHz and the color difference samples (R-Y,B-Y) channels are each sampled at 37.125 MHz. Note that it has become commonplace to denote HDTV Y,R-Y,B-Y also as 4:2:2. While technically incorrect, it is popularly used in a great deal of published literature.Back to top
0.932199074074074
Denotes a high definition system where all signals (R,G,B) are sampled at 74.25 MHz. Note that it has become commonplace to denote HDTV RGB also as 4:4:4. While technically incorrect, it is popularly used in a great deal of published literature.Back to top
1.78
The ratio of the horizontal size of a screen to its vertical size as 1.78 units wide to 1.0 units high. This ratio is the most standardized aspect ratio of HDTV and Widescreen SDTV. Also known as 16x9. Also see Aspect Ratio- PictureBack to top
1.85
The ratio of the horizontal size of a screen to its vertical size as 1.85 units wide to 1.0 units high. This ratio is the most common screen ratio for motion pictures. Also see Aspect Ratio- PictureBack to top
2.35
A highly popular widescreen motion picture film format of 2.35 units wide by 1 unit high. Also see Aspect Ratio- PictureBack to top
5.1
Denotes an audio system that has 5 full range channels (Left, Center, Right, Left-Rear, Right-Rear) and one Low Frequency Effects (LFE) channel.Back to top
1000/1001
When the NTSC color television system was being developed, the designers wanted to make it compatible with all of the old black and white systems that were already in people’s homes. To do this, they had to make some compromises. The thing that has probably caused the most problems for our industry over the years is that the field rate was changed by 1/1.001 from 60 to 59.94 per second. This was a small enough change that the older TV’s would still receive the new color broadcast and allowed for the new color information to be encoded into the broadcasted signal. This offset gives rise to “niceties” such as drop-frame timecode and audio that also has to run at the right rate. Although having analog origins, it has also been extended into the digital and HD world where 24, 30, and 60 frames/fields per second becomes 23.98, 29.97, and 59.94 to be compatible with existing NTSC formats and workflows.Back to top
1080/24P
Refers to an internationally standardized High Definition production format (ITU BT 709) having a digital sampling structure of 1920 (H) x 1080 (V) and operating at 24-frames per second progressively scanned. Often used to loosely describe a system that operates at 23.976P as well.Back to top
1080/60i
Refers to a standardized High Definition production format (SMPTE 274M and ITU 709) having a digital sampling structure of 1920 (H) x 1080 (V) and operating in interlaced scan mode at 60 fields per second. Often used to loosely describe a system that operates at 59.94i as well.Back to top
1080i
1080i is 1920x1080 resolution, interlaced ScanBack to top
1080p
1080 p is 1920x1080 resolution, Progressive Scan, forseen as future HD standardBack to top
1280x720
Refers to a high definition digital sampling structure of 1280 horizontally and 720 vertically. All 1280x720 images are progressively scanned (720P).Back to top
16x9
The standardized aspect ratio of HDTV and Widescreen SDTV – having a width of 16 units and a height of 9 units. Picture, 1.78Back to top
1920x1080
Refers to a digital sampling structure of 1920 horizontally and 1080 vertically. 1920x1080 images can be scanned either interlaced (1080i) or progressively (1080P).Back to top
23.98 or 23.976
Refers to a video image rate of 23.976 (truncated to 23.98) frames per second – which is deliberately offset from 24 frames so that a simple 3:2 process will produce the standard 59.94 fields per second interlaced video. Also see 1000/1001, 24P.Back to top
2-3/3-2 Pulldown
Process used to convert material from film to interlaced NTSC display rates, from 24 to 30 frames per second. This is done by duplicating fields, 2 from one frame and then 3 from the next frame (or 3 and then 2). Both terms are often used interchangeably to describe the effect. See also inverse telecine.Back to top
24P
Terminology for 24 full frames per second digital video progressively captured. In most cases it refers to the HD picture format of 1920x1080, though it is also used with 1280x720 images as well. Often used to loosely describe a capture system that operates at 23.976P as well. Also see 1000/1001.Back to top
24PsF
Term used to describe a 24 (or in common usage 23.98) frame progressive video that divides the video in segments of even and odd lines for transmission and storage (and often display). Though transmitted similarly as an interlaced signal, if treated as a progressive signal, does not cause the same harmful artifacts that interlace scanning causes. Also see PsF Imaging.Back to top
29.97P
Terminology for 29.97 full frames per second digital video progressively captured.Back to top
2k
Resolution defined as 2,048 pixels wide by 1,556 high. Also the name of a color enhancement system made by DaVinci Systems that processes Standard Definition, High Definition, and high resolution images. Resolution defined as 2,048 pixels wide by 1,556 high. Also the name of a color enhancement system made by DaVinci Systems that processes Standard Definition, High Definition, and high resolution images.Back to top
3:2 Pulldown
The process used to convert 24 frame per second film or 24P video into 59.94i video. The term originates from the mechanical action of the pulldown gate in a telecine which pulled each film frame into the imaging area. Technically the 3:2 pulldown process consists of two parts: the slowing of the frame rate by a factor of 1000/1001 from 24.000 fps to 23.976 fps and the creation of a "3:2" field cadence. The 3:2 cadence itself is created by taking one frame of the 24 frame source and filling 3 of the 59.94 fields. The next frame of the 24 frame source will only fill 2 of the 59.94 fields, the next frame 3 fields, the next frame 2 fields, etc. This sequence causes 4 of the 24 frame per second acquired material to fit into 5 frames of the destination 59.94i video. The term "pulldown" is now commonly used to describe any combination of a 1000/1001 speed change and/or 3:2 cadence creation. Also see 1000/1001.Back to top
30P
Terminology for 30 full frames per second digital video progressively captured. Often used to loosely describe a capture system that operates at 29.97P.Back to top
480i
also known as or 640X480i or 640X240p. Defines SDTV resolution.Back to top
480p
also known as 852X480p. Defines specific television resolution.Back to top
48PsF
Term often used incorrectly to describe a 24 frame progressive segmented frame video. In actual terms, 48PsF would describe an image captured progressively at 48 frames per second and transmitted as a segmented frame. Incorrect usage stems from having each segment of a 24PsF frame arrive at twice the captured rate (48 times a second). See PsF Imaging.Back to top
4k
Resolution defined as 4,096 pixels wide by 3,112 deep.Back to top
4X3
an aspect ratio of the picture, also know as square picture.Back to top
59.94i
Describes an interlaced video signal where 1/2 of the total lines of the picture are captured and displayed every 1/59.94th of a second. See also Interlaced Imaging, Progressive Imaging and PsF Imaging.Back to top
59.94P
Describes a progressive video signal where all lines of the picture are captured and displayed every 1/59.94th of a second. See also Interlaced Imaging, Progressive Imaging and PsF Imaging.Back to top
60i
Describes a interlaced video signal where 1/2 of the total lines of the picture are captured and displayed every 1/60th of a second. Often used to loosely describe a capture system that operates at 59.94i. See also Interlaced Imaging, Progressive Imaging and PsF Imaging, 1000/1001.Back to top
60P
Describes a progressive video signal where all of the total lines of the picture are captured and displayed every 1/60th of a second. Often used to loosely describe a capture system that operates at 59.94P. See also Interlaced Imaging, Progressive Imaging and PsF Imaging, 1000/1001.Back to top
720/60P
Refers to a High Definition production format (SMPTE 296M) having a digital sampling structure of 1280 (H) x 720 (V) and operating at 60-frames per second progressively scanned. Often used to loosely describe a capture system that operates at 59.94P as well.Back to top
720p
also known as 1280X720p. Defines specific television resolution.Back to top
A/B Editing
A style of video editing in which you edit together clips in pairs - A and B - typically with a transition from one to the next. This style is useful for assembling a program with simple drag-and-drop convenience. See also single-track editing.Back to top
AAF
The Advanced Authoring Format – Designed as the next generation EDL, AAF is an industry initiative to create a file interchange standard for the easy sharing of media data and metadata among digital production tools and content creation applications, regardless of platform. It includes EBU/SMPTE metadata and management of pluggable effects and codecs. It allows open connections between equipment where not only video and audio are transferred but also metadata including information on how the content is composed, where it came from, etc. It can fulfil the role of an all-embracing EDL or offer the basis for a media archive that any AAF-enabled system can use.Back to top
AC-3
A digital surround-sound system introduced by Dolby(tm) laboratories. The system is usually comprised of 5.1 channels - five discrete channels - left, right, center, back left and back right and in addition one Subwoofer covering the bass (low frequency signals) that belongs to all channels. As the ear is not sensitive to the direction of very low frequencies, the "low-bass" area, one Subwoofer is sufficient. In order to retrieve and decode AC-3 sound channels, a special amplifier/receiver is needed. The AC-3 system is also available on some digital video equipment for recording and playback, such as DVD*. (See also Dolby surround*.)Back to top
ACC
Automatic Chroma Correction. A system built into some VCRs and TV sets for automatic adjustment of color saturation levels. Most ACC systems measure the Color Burst* amplitude and use it as reference. As the system is automatic, erroneous color levels can appear in the video scene - an original grayish scene can become over colored, or a rich, saturated-color scene can become dull.Back to top
Acquisition
The gathering of data, whether it be photographic, audio, or for some other purpose.Back to top
Active Video
The part of a video signal visible on the screen.Back to top
Adaptive Comb Filter
A Comb Filter* that uses adaptation technology - changing its operation parameters by dynamically following changes in the picture.Back to top
ADC
Analog to Digital Converter. A device which converts an Analog* signal to a digital form. The process may be done with different levels of accuracy. The conversion fidelity is dependent on two factors - sampling rate and number of bits. The higher the rate and/or bits used during conversion, the more accurately the analog signal is reproduced. Until recently, the most common sampling speed was four times the color subcarrier frequency (4xFsc - 17.7 Msamples/sec for PAL 14.3 Msamples/sec for NTSC) Today, the standard (industrial and broadcast) tends to be 13.5 Msamples/sec for luminance signals. For color difference signals it is usually half for both PAL and NTSC. Industrial video signals are digitized at 8-bit accuracy (256 levels) while broadcast signals are digitized at 10-bit accuracy (1024 levels) or even at 12 bit. Hi-Fi audio signals are usually sampled at double the highest frequency audible to the human ear, i.e., 20 kHz (or more - sampling at 44 kHz or even higher frequencies) with an accuracy of 16 bits or more.Back to top
ADC
Apple Display ConnectorBack to top
AES
Audio Engineering Society, a worldwide organization.Back to top
Afterburner
Usually refers to the HD9150 series of products by Evertz. The HD9150 “Afterburner” series downconverts HDTV input video to digital and analog standard definition video with and without burnt in timecode/data windows.Back to top
AGC
Abbreviation for automatic gain control. On a TV or VCR, AGC is a circuit that automatically adjusts the incoming signal to the proper levels for display or recording. On a video camera, AGC is a circuit that automatically adjusts the sensitivity of the pickup tube to render the most pleasing image.Back to top
Alarm Camera Scanner
An electronic device, mainly used in security installations, where several video cameras, positioned in different parts of a premises, scan automatically, and are viewed one after the other on one monitor. When an intrusion occurs in the field-of-view of one of the cameras, a special alarm signal is sent to the scanner instantly activating the particular camera in question. It usually triggers an additional alarm device drawing attention to the event. Sophisticated scanners have internal microprocessor control, allowing them to skip or analyze every scanned source, as well as activating, when necessary, a special device, which relays a suspicious camera image to a remote location for monitoring via a telephone line.Back to top
Aliasing
Defects or distortion in a television picture due to sampling limitations. Defects are commonly seen as jagged edges on diagonal lines and twinkling or brightening (beating) in picture detail.Back to top
Aliasing Noise
An artifact created while an ADC* converts an analog signal to digital form and the sampling rate of the converter is less than double the highest frequency component within the analog signal or one of its harmonics.Back to top
Alpha Channel
The Alpha channel is a separate channel of data, transmitted alongside the original color or video information - whether it is video or computer based. It is used to specify an Alpha value for each color pixel in order to control pixel based, image blending and mixing. Values of the Alpha channel range between 0 and 1.Back to top
Alpha Mix
Image blending and mixing based and controlled by the Alpha Channel data stream.Back to top
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation, AM, is used when a signal, (usually an RF* signal) is transmitted carrying low frequency information. The low frequency signal modulates (changes) the amplitude of the RF signal, and is recovered (detected) at the receiver's end. Video information that is transmitted on the air as TV transmission employs this system. Some radio stations use it also (AM Broadcast), although the superior FM* system dominates radio transmissions.Back to top
Analog
Describes a continuously variable signal of some sort. Commonly used to describe equipment or methods that do not involve the electronic digitization of a signal into data. Examples are can be found in Audio Recording (Vinyl Records, Cassette tapes), Video Recording (BetacamSP, VHS), and Broadcasting (AM, FM, Conventional TV).Back to top
Analog Monitor
A video monitor which accepts analog level signals. Several types of inputs are accepted by analog monitors making them very flexible: composite* video, RGBS*, YC*, YUV* and any combination of these standards. The signals transmitted to an analog monitor are usually between 0 and 1 Volt and ride on 75-ohm coaxial cables.Back to top
Analog Video Signal
Signal in which the output varies as a continuous function of the input, while the values of the transmitted information are within defined limits. Any variation in an analog video signal may represent a specific video parameter, e.g., when the luminance* signal is high (1 V) the picture is very bright. When the signal is low (0.1 V), the picture is very dark; at 0 V the picture is totally black. TTL* digital signals, in contrast, are predefined as only 0 or 5 V or other fixed logic levels and do not vary.Back to top
Anamorphic
A term used to denote a difference in magnification along mutually perpendicular meridians. Anamorphic systems are basically image-distorting systems. A wide formatted image will be compressed horizontally creating a “squished” looking picture to fit into a narrow medium (film or video). For proper viewing, the image must be expanded back to its original wide format.Back to top
Ancillary Data
Data added to a digital video data stream including information such as embedded digital audio, control signals, etc.Back to top
Animate
To move and manipulate an object over time, such as a title, a superimposed logo, or a transition between frames.Back to top
Animation
Originally, creation of the appearance of movement, such as in a cartoon, by flipping a series of gradually varying drawings in rapid sequence. Today, creating animation and cartoons is done more effectively using computers with appropriate graphics software and genlocking* hardware. The final product of computerized animation can be integrated into videotapes or a video production using encoding* equipment.Back to top
ANSI
American National Standards Institute.Back to top
Antialias
To smooth out a jagged or stair-step appearance or motion between adjacent points so that it appears continuous.Back to top
Antialiasing
Antialiasing is a procedure which, by smoothing and filtering, eliminates or reduces, aliasing noise. The procedure usually involves low pass filtering of the processed signal prior to digitizing in order to eliminate signals, having frequencies close and greater than half of the sampling frequency.Back to top
Aperture
An adjustable opening that effects the amount of light entering a camera. The aperture (sometimes referred to as the Iris) is measured in F-stops. Smaller F-stop numbers mean that more light reaches the optical sensing device of the camera.Back to top
APL
Average Picture Level. A measure of average video luminance level expressed as percent of maximal white level. When the APL is low, the picture is dark, when the APL is high the picture is bright.Back to top
Arri D-20
Next Generation cinematography camera project by Arrithat is promising high resolution digital motion picture capture using traditional 35mm lenses.Back to top
ASC
American Society of Cinematographers http://www.theasc.comBack to top
Aspect Ratio
The ratio between the width and height of the TV picture on the screen. In a normal TV set or monitor the aspect ratio is 4 to 3 (4:3). The new aspect ratio in HDTV and IDTV/EDTV is 16:9 which resembles the aspect ratio in a movie theatre (Widescreen). New TV systems support both 4:3 and 16:9 aspect ratio (PAL PLUS) and can automatically switch between them. Some common aspect ratios: 1.33 (4x3) Standard Television or Academy Standard, 1.78 (16x9) HDTV, 1.85 Academy Flat, 2.35 Cinemascope.Back to top
Aspect Ratio (Pixel)
The ratio of pixel width to pixel height. Standard NTSC (ITU-R 601) digital video has rectangular pixels. Computers and HDTV have square pixels.Back to top
ATSC
Acronym for Advanced Television System Committee. Formed to establish technical standards for advanced television systems, including high definition television. (HDTV) http://www.atsc.orgBack to top
Attenuation
This refers to signal loss in a transmission systemBack to top
ATV
Advanced Television. A digital television system comprising standard, enhanced and high-definition versions.Back to top
Audio Effects Palette
A window that lists the available audio effects, grouped by type. Used to access effects to be applied to an audio clip. You can also reorganize and customize the list.Back to top
Avid DS Nitris
A nonlinear production system made by Avid for conforming and finishing of projects at multiple non-compressed HDTV and SDTV formats. Nitris is part of the Avid DNA (Digital Non-linear Accelerator) line that features custom built hardware acceleration and breakout boxes. Includes a complete range of seamlessly integrated picture and audio editing, compositing, paint, animation, character generation and media management tools. Also available as Avid DS Nitris Editor (without compositing functionality)Back to top
Back Porch
A part of the composite video signal which is between the trailing edge of the horizontal sync and the beginning of the corresponding active video line (end of horizontal blanking).Back to top
Balanced
A signal that is divided into two antiphase signals, traveling on two wires (and sometimes with a third - a ground reference wire). Transmitting a balanced signal achieves better signal to noise ratio, and the signal is more immune to noise and interference. The receiving end requires a differential amplifier, which amplifies only the differences between the antiphase signals, thus canceling noise picked up on the way. The balanced system is used either when very low signals are to be transmitted over long distances (such as those generated from high quality microphones) or at broadcast audio studios for highest quality signal recreation. The balanced signal system is used in TP* (Twisted Pair) wire setups when it is essential to use non-coaxial wires for data, video or audio transmissions.Back to top
Balanced Signal
A signal that is divided into two antiphase signals, traveling on two wires (and sometimes with a third - a ground reference wire). Transmitting a balanced signal achieves better signal to noise ratio, and the signal is more immune to noise and interference. The receiving end requires a differential amplifier, which amplifies only the differences between the antiphase signals, thus canceling noise picked up on the way. The balanced system is used either when very low signals are to be transmitted over long distances (such as those generated from high quality microphones) or at broadcast audio studios for highest quality signal recreation. The balanced signal system is used in TP* (Twisted Pair) wire setups when it is essential to use non-coaxial wires for data, video or audio transmissions.Back to top
Bandwidth
The amount of information that can be transmitted in a given period of time. For video information, a large amount of bandwidth can be generally associated with better quality of the picture. Digital video in particular requires large amounts of bandwidth. Often, compression techniques are used to reduce the bandwidth needs especially for transmission and storage.Back to top
Bandwidth Compression
A process that reduces digital signal bandwidth in order to allow its transmission as a DTV* signal. A 6 MHz transmission bandwidth requires signal bandwidth compression down to about 20 Mbits/sec.Back to top
Baseband Video
Normally refers to a non-modulated composite video signal, with frequency spectrum extending from a few Hertz (DC) up to several MHz, and covering the full bandwidth of the video signal.Back to top
Batch Capture
The automated process of capturing an entire group of clips (such as from a DV camcorder) as defined by a batch list.Back to top
Batch list
A list of clips with the timecode values for each In and Out point (also called a timecode log) to be used in a batch capture process. See also batch capture, log, timecode.Back to top
BER
Bit Error Rate. A term used in digital circuits for measuring the fidelity of a transmitted and received digital signal by measuring the error probability (or number of bits received incorrectly.)Back to top
Beta (max)
A video recording and playback* standard on 1/2" tapes distributed mainly by Sony(tm). From its inception BETAMAX competed with the VHS* system developed by JVC(tm). Both were intended for home use and there was no substantial difference between the two formats. Today, the Betamax system for home video is practically non-existent as that market is completely dominated by the VHS system.Back to top
Betacam
BETACAM and BETACAM SP are wide-spread professional video recording and playback formats. BETACAM uses 1/2 inch tapes, employing the component video* system for highest professional quality outputs. Many editing systems* and controllers are designed around this format.Back to top
Betacam-sx
A digital video format introduced by SONY(tm). This format uses MPEG* compression with a data rate of 18Mbits/sec. The compression ratio is high - approaching 10:1. Output quality is very good despite the high compression ratio because it uses an MPEG-2 4:2:2 profile. Cassettes use metal particles technology and come in two sizes - 60 minutes for fieldwork and 184 minutes for studios. These VCRs also play analog Beta tapes, for backward compatibility.Back to top
Bin Window
A window used to import and organize folders of source clips.Back to top
Bitstream
A collection of data, as in video or audio data compressed to a file or transmitted between devices.Back to top
Black Burst
A video signal comprising sync* and color burst* signals which produces a black image on the screen. It is used to genlock* other video sources to the same sync and color information. Black burst generators are used in video studios to genlock an entire studio to the same signal for easier switching and mixing between sources.Back to top
Black Level
That level of the DC voltage of a particular part of the video signal which corresponds to the black areas in a video scene. The black level is used as a reference for comparison with other tones in the picture and other video signals.Back to top
Black Level Clamping
An electronic process, which establishes a fixed DC level for a picture signal at the beginning of each scanning line. The black level* of a video signal is set to a specific, predefined DC voltage. This process is used, for example, when two video signals are to be mixed and the black levels must therefore be equal.Back to top
Blacker Than Black
Designation of a video signal, part of which (spikes or the sync tip) goes below black level transition. Usually, such signals (besides the sync), are undesirable within the video signal. They appear, however, due to image enhancement or poor transition response of the video amplifier or processor. If the signal excursions below black level are small, they can be ignored. If they are too large, approaching sync tip level, image instability might occur, as the blacker than black spikes may be interpreted as sync pulses. Sometimes those excursions are deliberately created for image enhancement and special effects and copy protection purposes. Digital processing can handle some blacker than black signals. BLANKING RETRACE PERIOD The period when the screen is darkened; this occurs when the electron ray in a monitor or a TV set retraces to start a new line or a new field. The instantaneous amplitude of that signal is such that it makes the return trace invisible. The blanking period is used to eliminate the appearance of the CRT retrace beam so it will not be visible on the monitor. Switching done during the retrace period results in "clean switching". (See Vertical Interval Switching.)Back to top
Blanking Retrace Period
The period when the screen is darkened; this occurs when the electron ray in a monitor or a TV set retraces to start a new line or a new field. The instantaneous amplitude of that signal is such that it makes the return trace invisible. The blanking period is used to eliminate the appearance of the CRT retrace beam so it will not be visible on the monitor. Switching done during the retrace period results in "clean switching". (See Vertical Interval Switching.)Back to top
Blooming
A disturbing phenomena apparent when a part of the video picture becomes "brighter than white" due to wrong exposure or due to a very strong light source shining directly into the camera lens. The blooming effect distorts the colors and the fine details of the area effected by the strong light. This effect can also be seen when a color decoder chip within a TV set or monitor is wrongly tuned or malfunctions. In order to check whether the blooming effect is a result of a badly illuminated scene or a malfunctioning monitor, the signal should be fed to another good monitor. If the effect persists, it shows that the video source is defective.Back to top